1.1 Data communication, components, data representation:
Data communication refers to the exchange of information between two or more devices or systems. The components of data communication include the sender, receiver, transmission medium, and protocols.
Data representation refers to the way data is encoded and transmitted over the communication channel. There are different types of data representations such as binary, hexadecimal, ASCII, Unicode, etc.
1.2 Networks, network criteria, network types - LAN, WAN, Switching, The Internet, Accessing the Internet:
A network is a group of interconnected devices that can communicate with each other. Networks can be classified based on their size, location, and type of technology used. The two main criteria for evaluating a network are its performance and reliability.
Local Area Networks (LANs) are used to connect devices within a small geographic area such as an office or building. Wide Area Networks (WANs) are used to connect devices over a larger geographic area, such as cities or countries. Switching is a technique used to connect devices within a network.
The Internet is a global network that connects millions of devices worldwide. Accessing the Internet requires an Internet Service Provider (ISP) and a device with Internet connectivity such as a computer, tablet, or smartphone.
1.3 Network Software- Protocol hierarchies, Design Issues of the layer, Connection Oriented and Connectionless Services:
Network software refers to the programs that enable communication between devices in a network. Protocol hierarchies are used to organize network communication into layers such as the OSI model and the TCP/IP model.
Design issues in the layers include addressing, routing, error detection and correction, flow control, and congestion control. Connection-oriented and connectionless services are two types of network communication services. Connection-oriented services establish a connection before data transmission while connectionless services do not.
1.4 Reference models - OSI Reference Models, TCP/IP Reference model, Connection devices in different layers, Comparison of OSI and TCP/IP Reference Models:
The OSI reference model and the TCP/IP reference model are two widely used network reference models. The OSI model has seven layers, while the TCP/IP model has four layers.
Connection devices such as routers, switches, and bridges operate at different layers in the reference models to facilitate communication. The OSI model is a theoretical model, while the TCP/IP model is a practical model used in the Internet.
The main difference between the OSI and TCP/IP models is that the OSI model is a hierarchical model, while the TCP/IP model is a protocol suite. The TCP/IP model is simpler and more flexible than the OSI model.
0 Comments